Childhood tooth decay is a prevalent oral health issue affecting children worldwide. In fact, over 45% of all children in the United States experience tooth decay by age 19 [1].
Tooth decay can result in pain, discomfort, and even long-term dental problems if left untreated. While tooth decay is preventable, there are several common causes that contribute to its development in children.
Understanding these causes can help parents and caregivers take the necessary steps to safeguard their child’s oral health.
Poor Oral Hygiene
One of the primary causes of tooth decay in children is inadequate oral hygiene practices. Not brushing and flossing regularly allows plaque, a sticky film of bacteria, to accumulate on teeth.
The bacteria in plaque produce acids that attack tooth enamel, leading to cavities. Before the age of seven, children need to be assisted with their oral care to ensure proper oral hygiene and prevent cavities.
High Sugar Intake
Consuming excessive amounts of sugary beverages, snacks, and candies is the leading cause of tooth decay among children [2].
The bacteria in the mouth feed on sugars, producing acids that erode tooth enamel. Regular intake of sugary foods and drinks exposes teeth to prolonged acid attacks, increasing the risk of cavities.
Parents should limit their children’s consumption of sugary foods and replace them with healthy alternatives, like fruits and vegetables.
Frequent Snacking or Bottle Use
Frequent snacking, especially on sugary or starchy foods, can contribute to tooth decay. Regularly consuming milk, soda, fruit juice, candy, cereal, and breads can contribute to plaque formation [3]. Plaque damages the tooth enamel, resulting in a higher risk of tooth decay.
Each time children eat, they expose their teeth to the acids that help break down food in the oral cavity. Repeated snacking throughout the day doesn’t give saliva enough time to neutralize the acids and remineralize tooth enamel.
Encouraging children to have balanced meals and limiting snacks can help reduce the risk of tooth decay.
Lack of Fluoride
Fluoride is a mineral that helps strengthen tooth enamel and fight against tooth decay. Fluoride treatments can help prevent cavities in baby teeth, as can using fluoride toothpaste at home for cleaning teeth [4].
Lack of fluoride can make teeth more vulnerable to decay. Parents should ensure that their child’s toothpaste contains fluoride and consult with their dentist or pediatrician regarding fluoride supplements or treatments if necessary.
Not Visiting the Dentist
Regular dental check-ups are crucial for maintaining good oral health in children. Infrequent dental visits can contribute to the development of tooth decay by letting cavities progress rather than catching them early.
Dental professionals can spot cavities early and offer preventive treatments such as dental sealants or fluoride applications. Parents should schedule dental appointments for their child every six months or as recommended by their dentist.
Early Exposure to Oral Bacteria
Children can acquire oral bacteria from their parents or caregivers through sharing utensils or by parents cleaning pacifiers with their mouth [5]. When transferred to the child’s mouth, these bacteria can contribute to tooth decay. It’s essential for parents to maintain good oral hygiene themselves and avoid sharing utensils or pacifiers to reduce the introduction of harmful bacteria to their children.
Childhood Tooth Decay Is Preventable
Although childhood tooth decay is common, it is preventable. Understanding these main causes and encouraging proper oral hygiene can help prevent cavities in children. Ask your dentist for more ways to protect your child’s smile during their next visit!
2. https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/advancearticle/doi/10.1093/nutrit/nuad147/7471577
3. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/tooth-decay-caries-or-cavities-in-children
4. https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/basics/childrens-oral-health/index.html
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8176096/