What Causes TMJ and How Is It Diagnosed?

July 20, 2025

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a crucial hinge that connects your jawbone to your skull. There is one on either side of your head, and each plays a vital role in allowing you to talk, chew, and yawn.

However, when problems arise in this joint, it can lead to a condition known as a TMJ disorder, characterized by pain and dysfunction in the jaw and the surrounding muscles.

Understanding the causes and methods of diagnosis for TMJ disorders is essential to managing and alleviating the symptoms. Here are some of the top causes of TMJ and how it’s diagnosed.

What Causes TMJ Disorders?

TMJ disorders can arise from a variety of factors, often making it challenging to pinpoint a single cause [1]. Some common causes include:

Injury or trauma. Direct impact or injury to the jaw can lead to TMJ disorders. This could be caused by accidents, sports injuries, or even prolonged periods of clenching or grinding your teeth (often referred to as bruxism).

Arthritis. Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis can affect the TMJ. These conditions lead to the degeneration of the cartilage that supports joint movement, potentially leading to TMJ disorders over time.

Connective tissue diseases. Certain diseases that impact connective tissues, such as Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, can affect the temporomandibular joint due to joint hypermobility or instability.

Stress-related factors. Stress is a significant contributor to TMJ pain. People who are stressed may clench or grind their teeth more frequently, which can put pressure on the TMJ, potentially leading to disorders.

How Are TMJ Disorders Diagnosed?

Diagnosing TMJ disorders involves a comprehensive evaluation performed by a healthcare provider, often a dentist.

The process usually includes understanding symptom onset, frequency, and triggers, as well as any existing medical conditions. Since TMJ pain can mimic other conditions such as toothaches, sinus issues, and even ear infections, it’s crucial to rule out these conditions before confirming a TMJ disorder diagnosis.

Your dentist will check for tenderness, clicking, or popping sounds when opening and closing the mouth, as well as assess your jaw’s range of motion.

Depending on the initial findings, additional tests such as X-rays, an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), or a CT (Computed Tomography) scan may be ordered to view the jaw joint and surrounding tissues in greater detail [2].

Managing TMJ Disorders

Understanding the causes and diagnostic process is a step towards seeking the right treatment and managing TMJ disorders. Treatment plans often focus on relieving pain, improving jaw functionality, and addressing any underlying causes where possible [3]. Your dentist may recommend:

Lifestyle modifications and stress management

Use of mouthguards or splints to prevent grinding

Physical therapy and exercises to improve jaw strength

Medications to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation

Contact Your Dentist Today

If you experience jaw pain, clicking sounds, or difficulty opening and closing your mouth, it’s time to speak with a dental professional. They can provide a thorough assessment and guide you on the best course of action to manage your symptoms effectively. Contact your dentist to explore your options for TMJ diagnosis and treatment!