Your teeth may be the star of a healthy smile, but your gums are the foundation. Because the focus is often on your teeth, your gums are frequently overlooked until a problem becomes hard to ignore. Bleeding, swelling, or tenderness may seem minor at first, but these symptoms can be the beginning of gum disease. Gum disease progresses in stages and, if left untreated, can cause serious oral health concerns and even affect your overall health.
Stage 1: Gingivitis
Gingivitis is caused by plaque buildup along the gumline and is the earliest and most easily manageable stage of gum disease.
Symptoms
- Red, swollen, or tender gums
- Bleeding during brushing or flossing
- Persistent bad breath
Treatment
Gingivitis is easily reversible with professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene, including brushing twice daily, flossing, and using an antibacterial mouthwash.
Stage 2: Early Periodontitis
When gingivitis is ignored, bacteria begin to spread below the gumline and into the roots, damaging the bone that supports your teeth.
Symptoms
- Ongoing bad breath
- Gum recession
- Increased bleeding
- Mild discomfort
Treatment
Deep cleanings, such as scaling and root planing, remove plaque and bacteria beneath your gums and encourage healing.
Stage 3: Moderate Periodontitis
As gum disease progresses, bone loss becomes more noticeable, and gum pockets deepen.
Symptoms
- Gum recession
- Tooth sensitivity
- Pus around the gums
- Movement in your teeth
Treatment
More intensive periodontal therapy, localized antibiotics, and frequent maintenance visits are often needed.
Stage 4: Advanced Periodontitis
Advanced periodontitis can threaten both your teeth and jawbone.
Symptoms
- Loose or shifting teeth
- Increased pain when chewing
- Severe gum recession
- Significant bone loss
Treatment
Surgical procedures such as gum or bone grafting may be required, and tooth replacement may be necessary in severe cases.
How Gum Disease Affects Your Overall Health
Gum disease doesn’t just affect your mouth. The bacteria and inflammation caused by periodontal disease have been linked to serious health conditions, including heart disease, diabetes complications, stroke, and respiratory infections. Chronic gum inflammation can increase inflammation throughout your body, making it harder to manage existing health conditions and potentially increasing your risk for new ones.
